The Human Origins Of War Essay Research free essay sample

The Human Origins Of War Essay, Research Paper Human nature, and the extent to which it straight effects our behavior, is a beginning of intense contention. This is reflected in the argument sing the aggressive nature of worlds and the grade to which they are inherently aggressive. However, surveies indicate that worlds are inherently aggressive and that our behavior is defined by familial belongingss, and influenced by cultural and environmental factors. However, this does non propose that aggression is our specifying characteristic, or that it can non be controlled by society. Our reaction to, and abetment of, war illustrates this. It is widely recognised that it is this built-in nature that has lead to war on major and minor graduated tables, but it is non an inevitable consequence of human nature. Many taking intellectuals utilise the inactive nature of adult females as a contentious statement to our aggressive nature. However, this is a limited statement that can be consistently disproven once we recognise the societal restr ictions that are used to control the female aggressive nature. We will write a custom essay sample on The Human Origins Of War Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Aggressiveness is recognised by several outstanding intellectuals. William James states that, combat and war seeded to fulfill deep-seated demands of persons and societies, demands that were presumed to be built-in in all worlds, proposing that our aggressiveness has inevitable decisions. Freud besides supported this statement and maintained that human open aggression is a consequence of internal aggressive thrusts being redirected at others: adult male needs to fulfill his demands. Thomas Hobbes expands on this by saying that worlds are self-serving, greedy and selfish in respects to fulfilling their demands. These perceptual experiences of human nature indicate a instead black position of human aggression, nevertheless by researching why this aggression occurs we understand that in itself it is non a strictly destructive facet of our nature. The controversial statement sing the nature versus raising argument contributes to our apprehension of aggression. Those intellectuals who su pport the nature construct of aggression discuss both ethology and sociobiology. Simplistically, ethology provinces that adult male is the merchandise of two million old ages of biological development, while sociobiology argues that although biological development has considerable influence, the importance must be placed on the interaction of cistrons with their cultural environment. Conversely, the raising argument argues that aggression is strictly determined by cultural influences and that biological considerations are non of import. Unlike the raising argument or ethology, sociobiology represents right the belief that aggression is an built-in facet of our nature, but that it can be induced or controlled by our cultural and societal environment. The theories of sociobiologists are supported by our look of aggression in the pastoral phase of our development. Initially worlds appeared to be a comparatively peaceable society, nevertheless our patterned advances from the hunter-gath erer to the pastoral phase lead to an addition in aggression, providing a trigger for our built-in aggression. As Richard Leaky wrote: every bit shortly as people commit themselves to agricultural nutrient production they commit themselves to supporting the land they farm. To run off is to confront certain loss. This demonstrates how our environment cultivates our built-in aggression, and illustrates that worlds will act in an aggressive mode when provoked. This may look disheartening, because it seems to province that human aggression is inevitable. However, this aggression can be channeled into other patterns that have less negative results than force and war. Sport is a good illustration of imparting aggression. Society often encourages its public to bask, and take part in, activities where adult male can confront an opposition and show his aggression. This aggressive thrust is besides important as an evolutionary factor in human development. It is our battle for endurance, and s ubsequently domination, that has lead to our cultural and technological promotions. Aggressiveness has added to adult males familial fittingness ; through saving of the territorial balance, defence of the immature, and endurance of the fittest. Despite aggressions negative intensions it is a necessary facet of our nature and is required to further human s development. Charles Darwin supported this theory and stated that, adult male, like every other animate being, has no uncertainty advanced to his present high status through a battle for being, he besides stated that ; if he is to progress s boulder clay higher, it is to be feared that he must stay capable to a terrible battle. Clearly aggression has its positive utilizations in society, but we can non bury that it besides has had a destructive influence on our society, chiefly in inciting war. Human nature, and its look of aggression, has a considerable impact on war. It can non be overlooked as a conducive factor, although the extent to which it instigates war is controversial. Kenneth Waltz discussed the three images of war, and it is the first image that straight concerns itself with the application of human nature. Waltz maintains that war consequences from selfishness, and misdirected aggressive urges. This supports the earlier contention that aggression can be negatively directed into warring state of affairss. This theory suggests that human nature, and aggression, are a primary cause of war, although they have non blindly stated that it is the lone factor. Waltz besides illustrated nevertheless, that all other factors must be evaluated in visible radiation of understanding the impact of aggression. Niebuhr wrote simplistically that war has its beginnings in, dark, unconscious beginnings in the human nature, he appears to be lending war as an inevitable act of human nature. However, this is a terrible dictum and Niebuhr does non recognize that human nature is besides the supplier of peace. Waltz right highlighted human nature as the cause of war in 1914, but he besides pointed out that it was the cause of peace in 1910. Human nature can be manipulated by fortunes to ensue in war ; our built-in aggressive nature can unluckily ensue in an aggressive response in times of emphasis, whether that emphasis is economic, political, or societal. However, this built-in aggressiveness can non be used as an alibi for doing war ; it is a powerful conducive factor, but it can be controlled and diverted into other manifestations. Despite the obvious usage of our built-in aggression, adult females are frequently utilized as grounds back uping that aggression is a consequence of purely environmental factors. The evident inactive function of adult females in our society is proof that work forces are merely aggressive because society expects them to act in this m ode, and encourages them to make so. However, this is a comparatively limited statement. Both work forces and adult females are born with an built-in aggressiveness, but adult females have terrible cultural restrictions that restrict their look of aggression. Womans have traditionally non participated in whole graduated table war because they are perceived to be physically inferior to work forces, and this deficiency of engagement has contributed to the perceptual experience that adult females are non aggressive by nature. However, an aggressive nature has been apparent in the yesteryear ; adult females have been significantly involved historically in opposition and terrorist groups. Even noncombative adult females have displayed an aggressive nature. A quotation mark from J. Gray stated, many a combat soldier in World War Two was appalled to have letters from his girlfriend, or married woman, safe at place, demanding to cognize how many of the enemy he had personally accounted for and frequently bespeaking the decease of several more as a personal favour for her. This illustrated that although adult females may be culturally restrained in showing their aggression, it still exists and it is as inherent in their nature as it is in males. It is evident that human nature has an inherently aggressive constituent. The controversial definitions of human nature, and the influence it has on worlds behaviour, has been convincingly argued by many respected intellectuals. Ethology, sociobiology, and a scientific accent on environmental factors, all contribute to specifying human nature and the presence, or deficiency of, built-in aggression. It is clear that sociobiology provides a scientific attack to understanding the built-in aggression of persons, without leting this to be an alibi for the look of this aggression. Despite the being of this built-in demand, sociobiology allows that the environment topographic points limitations of worlds that can enable our society to map without regressing to this demand, and its look in war. Both work forces, and adult females, are capable to built-in aggression and it is an inevitable consequence of our natural, undeveloped nature. But we must besides recognize the ability of worlds to believe and act rationally, and it is this factor that will forestall built-in aggressiveness from going a unequivocal facet of human society, and provides us with an optimistic hereafter without ineluctable arrested development to warfare. 338

Immanuel Kant and reason essays

Immanuel Kant and reason essays Would you help an old lady across the street? Would you help her out of the goodness of your heart? Would you help her for $5 tip? Would you help her because a plethora of beautiful women are watching sans-boyfriends? Immanuel Kant, unlike previous philosophers before him, defined an action as being good if it was done unconditionally. However, many do things that they perceive as good for their own gain, whether personally, religiously, or in society. In the example above, the only truly good action is to help the old lady without expectation of a trip or recognition from beautiful women (if money and the adoration of beautiful women come anyway, then who could complain!?). Kants view that the only good actions are unconditionally good is a very sound argument because if one does good knowing they will benefit from it, then a person is truly not doing good. Actions are done for three reasons according to Kant, out of duty, because you want to for its own sake or personal enjoyment of doing the action, or because you are impelled to through another inclination (Korsgaard xiii). Actions that are unconditionally good are done out of duty since personal enjoyment of doing an action and being impelled to would naturally bias ones inclination to do the action. By completing an action out of duty, one is doing this action merely because it is the right thing to do. He or she may not want to do a particular action, but will anyway because it is morally and rationally just. Duty is the necessity of an action (Kant 13) and undoubtedly affects all the actions that a person takes. God, according to Kant, is not under any obligations to be good because he is the supreme good (Zents 4-12-04). Kant also attributes happiness in life as being related to God, even though knowledge of his nature is minimal (Zents 3-30-2004). God in Kant appears to act more as a moral guide than the ultim...

4 Strategies to Avoid Truck Driver Burnout

4 Strategies to Avoid Truck Driver Burnout Long haul driving is hard. Period. Truck drivers are said to work 70-hour work weeks, but we all know the reality is more like 90. Compared to a normal office worker, clocking in at 40 hours a week, this is already a recipe for exhaustion. Add in the fact that off-duty time, usually spent waiting between loads or at a truck stop, requires a certain amount of vigilance and maintenance of the rig- and isn’t really down time after all. Plus the fact that the human body prefers to sleep at night, in the dark, when the body’s natural rhythm calls for it. And that, to be healthy, one needs better access to healthier food than can be found at truck stops or fast food eateries- and you’ve got a whole lot of drivers barreling down the highway towards depression, exhaustion, poor-health, and the dreaded burn out.Here are four strategies to make sure this doesn’t happen to you, whatever stage you might be at in your trucking career:1. Take vacationsYou might think yo u can’t afford the time off, even if you’ve been allotted it. But really, it’s the other way around; you can’t afford not to take the time off to rest and recharge. It will make you a safer, happier, and healthier driver. Take holidays as well! Family time is important. The normal rhythms of civilian life are too.2. Take breaksYou may get bonus points with your boss, and perhaps an extra couple of bucks, for getting there an hour sooner. But at what cost? Breaks, especially when you’re feeling even slightly fatigued, can be a game changer and a serious morale booster.3. Get regularIf at all possible, try and get on a regular route. You’ll be able to stop in the same places, build yourself a routine, and get on a more regular sleep pattern. If this isn’t possible, put yourself on the spare board on a regular, rotating basis. Falling asleep at the wheel is never worth the risk.4. Embrace the electronicNobody is particularly thrilled wit h these new electronic logs, but they may actually help level the playing field. They’ll take everyone off the road after 70 or so hours, and enforce breaks and rests. You’ll never have to worry that someone else is putting in double hours to make bank. And you can take your much-deserved break in peace.

Conclusion Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conclusion Paper - Essay Example However I hold an opinion that such tests have pressurized and influenced students in ways that are not too subtle to avoid. Critiques condemn such tests saying that a test paper made up of a few multiple choice questions cannot ever judge students’ overall educational capabilities. â€Å"Some school systems are under great pressure to raise their scores so they have resorted to decreasing time spent in recess.† (Margie, 2009). This leads to negative impact on students. So these tests mostly allow base learning and are not entirely capable of producing 100% result that means instilling a deep understanding of knowledge in a student. Understandably, these tests mostly contain multiple choice questions, so they can be completed in a much shorter time, they can be quickly graded and most beneficently, they allow a swift analysis of a big number of students. They are less time-consuming and characteristically too simplistic. They give teachers guidance like what they should teach students for preparation. This system of testing also allows parents to track their child’s progress over years and compare it with other students in other areas. This helps the students to assess if they are going up or down academically. But are they a good way of measuring individual learning and intelligence in a perfect manner? The answer is a straight-forward no. The term â€Å"high-stakes testing† is used when only standardizes tests are considered when determining whether a student should go the next grade or not. Many concerned parents have reportedly argued that this system of testing does not allow the students to satisfactorily demonstrate their individual skills of critical thinking and logical reasoning. â€Å"Some students are bad test takers, so this shouldnt be the only way they are judged.† (Cartman, 2010). Which is better, profound knowledge allowing a deep insight or base knowledge allowing an approach that would only last till

Final Exam questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final Exam questions - Assignment Example Qualitative risk assessment however applies rationale to develop fixed values of factors to risk. Qualitative risk assessment method is the most suitable for homeland security. This is because of its diversified advantages, over the quantitative method, that meets the scope of Homeland security’s need for fast and accurate reactions. The advantages include simple analysis and results that facilitates prompt detection and response to risks (Landon, 2011). Risk management refers to a strategic process of managing probability of loss that is associated with a peril. Risk management strategies involve identification of involved risk, followed by its analysis that culminates to mitigation. The strategies are â€Å"avoidance, reduction,† and transfer (Akitonye, and Beck, 2009, p. 245). The three major threats facing the United States today are terrorism, natural disasters, and cyber crime. Terrorism is however the greatest of these threats because of its source and its political aspects. Being caused by human beings means that it can happen any time and its risk is enhanced by the United States international positions as a world power. The nation’s participation in international wars, especially in the Middle East also identifies significance of the threat. The relationship between risk, critical assets, threats, vulnerability, and consequences is that risk is a factor of critical assets, threats, and vulnerability, and its occurrence leads to adverse consequences. Risk defines exposure to a peril or potential peril. Critical assets define those assets that are instrumental to attainment of an objective while threats define phenomena that induce unpleasant effects. Vulnerability refers to the susceptibility to a threat and consequences define the results of manifestation of a threat. The presence of critical assets, threats, and vulnerability integrates to

Mary Shelley Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelley Essay I dont think the reader feels sorry for Victor because if he hadnt have rejected the monster in the first place he wouldnt have been in that situation. In the era the book was written, people were beginning to question Gods existence. Should God be the only creator of life? Should the power of science be able to create people? We found out the answer to this in Frankenstein. Victor tried to create the monster using scientific knowledge and succeeded. However, the end result of the monster was horrific. He was lonely, had no friends, and resorted to killing people. This proves science can not create life and make them fit into the human race. Only God can achieve this and thats the way it should stay. I think the reader sympathizes for the monster because the monster didnt choose to live, Victor did it for him and he only needed somebody to love. I collected the instruments of life around me that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet. This quote shows he was searching for something to bring the monster to life, and that it was his decision to do this. At different stages in the story, Victor and the monster are both altruistic and egotistic. To start with, Victor is very altruistic. Whilst developing the monster he was very focused and in some way addicted to his creation. He became increasingly tired and unhealthy as he wasnt looking after himself properly. Sometimes I grew alarmed at the wreck I perceived. This shows he didnt even realise how he was treating himself, and he was alarmed when he realised. This proves he started off to be very altruistic, thinking of others before himself. At the same time he could be egotistic. He didnt think of the monsters feelings, and just focused on achieving his goal, not thinking of the consequences there were to come. Victor claims he was doing it to be useful to my fellow beings. His mother actually sparked the idea and fame and fortune drove him. So he ended up doing it for himself. The monster starts off to be altruistic as he befriends the family and helps them and generally doesnt focus on just himself. He makes adult suggestions unlike Victor who has stubborn childish responses. Victor could have offered friendship and love, but does the complete opposite making him extremely egotistic. However as the story continues it all changes dramatically and Victor and the monster almost swap places. Eager to love and to be loved, the creature is not born evil. Society makes the monster become egotistical. As society keeps on rejecting him, he becomes more and more egotistic and doesnt really care what anyone else thinks anymore. The monster wanted what Frankenstein and so many other humans had and took for granted a place to belong. Loneliness and isolation motivated the monster to turn to destruction. However, this was through no fault of his own. Victor was the first one to reject him therefore, its mainly his fault. When this starts to happen, I think the reader feels sorry for the monster, as he had no other choice but to do this, and become egotistic. On the other hand, Victor becomes more altruistic and begins to think of others. When the monster starts to kill people close to him, I think he realises he needs to do something. Victor does decide to make the creature a bride which was very altruistic, but turns against the idea. Elizabeth, Victor Frankensteins foster sister, plays a crucial part of Frankenstein. Since Victors mother died, Elizabeth played the mother role and was adored. Everyone loved Elizabeth. At many points in the story Victor is saved by the love of Elizabeth. On Frankensteins wedding day, his creature, the monster kills Elizabeth. Her beauty and innocence are greatly emphasized which takes away a lot of sympathy for the monster. When Frankensteins father knows that she was killed, he dies a few days later. What then became of me? I know not; I lost sensation, and chains and darkness were the only objects that pressed upon me. This shows Victor doesnt want to live anymore and doesnt take any notice of the world around him. He didnt have anything to live for, except to get revenge on the monster hed created. How I have lived I hardly know; many times have I stretched my failing limbs upon the sandy plain and prayed for death. But revenge kept me alive. So Victor decides to find the monster and searches for him. He tracks the monster ever northwards into the ice. He then freezes to death and dies, and when the monster finds this out he kills himself. At this point you sympathize for mainly Victor as he never got his revenge but also the monster, as he had such a horrific, lonely life. To conclude there are many different times in which the reader feels antipathy and mainly sympathy for the monster in Frankenstein, which shows he wasnt treated well at all.

Hemophilia :: essays research papers

Hemophilia Hemophilia is a genetic blood disease, which is characterized by the inability of blood to clot, or coagulate even from minor injuries. This disease is caused by an insufficiency of certain blood proteins, called factors, that participate in blood clotting and often by sudden gene mutation. Therefore, with the absence of factors, the blood clotting process is prolonged. There are different types of hemophilia, hemophilia A and hemophilia B for example. Hemophilia A , the most common form is caused by the lack of factor VIII. In the second most common form of hemophilia, hemophilia B (also known as Christmas disease), factor IX is absent. The condition appears when the person is born. Also, the disease is hereditary, passed on from parent to child. Because of it's genetic makeup, hemophilia is carried by females however those affected are almost always males. In one-third of all cases hemophilia thought to be caused by spontaneous gene mutation with no family history. This is how females are able to be affected by hemophilia. Inheritance is controlled by a recessive sex-linked factor carried by the mother on the X chromosome. There is a fifty percent chance that the sons of a female carrier will have hemophilia. There also is a fifty percent chance that the daughters of a female carrier will be carriers of hemophilia. In addition, all daughters of men with hemophilia are carriers, but his sons are unaffected. Men cannot transmit hemophilia, and female carriers are free of the disease. Hemophilia is the most common hereditary blood disorder. Currently, approximately one in every 10,000 people in all parts of the world suffers from hemophilia. This blood related disease affects about 20,000 people in the